High Quality 99% Levamisole Hydrochloride with CAS 16595-80-5
Product Description
CAS: 16595-80-5
MF: C11H13ClN2S
MW: 240.75
EINECS: 240-654-6
Product Categories: API; Asymmetric Synthesis; Synthetic Organic Chemistry; Antibiotic Explorer; Veterinaries; Protein Phosphatase; Aromatics; Heterocycles; Intermediates & Fine Chemicals; Pharmaceuticals; Sulfur & Selenium Compounds; Pharma; Pharmaceutical intermediate; REZIFILM; Other APIs
Mol File: 16595-80-5. Mol
Synonyms: 1-b)thiazole, 2, 3, 5, 6-tetrahydro-6-phenyl-, monohydrochloride, (s)-imidazo(; 1-b)thiazole, 2, 3, 5, 6-tetrahydro-6-phenyl-, monohydrochloride, l-(-)-imidazo(; 1-b]thiazole, 2, 3, 5, 6-tetrahydro-6-phenyl-, monohydrochloride, (S)-Imidazo[2; Citarinl; Decaris; Imidazo[2, 1-b]thiazole, 2, 3, 5, 6-tetrahydro-6-phenyl-, monohydrochloride, (S)-; Kw-2-le-t; L-2, 3, 5, 6-Tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazo-[2, 1-6]-thiazole
Usage
Levamisole is also a good alternative in cases of benzimidazole resistance. Levamisole Hydrochloride (Levamisole HCl), is an anthelmintic (animals roundworm, hookworm, etc.) agent commonly used in large livestock such as cattle, pigs and sheep.
It can selectively inhibit succinate dehydrogenase in parasite's muscle so as to stop the reduction of succinic acid from fumaric acid. Therefore the parasite's muscle metabolism lacks of oxygen and leads to decreasing of energy.
Description:
Levamisole Hydrochloride
Levamisole HCL
anthelmintic agent
anti-worm agent used in large livestock
What is Levamisole Hydrochloride
Levamisole Hydrochloride (Levamisole HCL), is an anthelmintic (anti-worm) agent commonly used in large livestock such as cattle, pigs and sheep. In 1971 it was found to have immunostimulatory properties and investigation into its use in humans began to expand.
Currently, Levamisole HCL is used in humans for diseases related to imbalances in the regulation of immune responses or deficiencies of the immune system, including autoimmune diseases, chronic and recurrent diseases, chronic infections and cancer.
It has beneficial effects on host defense mechanisms and restores depressed immune responses in animals and humans. Another interesting use of levamisole in humans is as a treatment for common warts (verruca vulgaris).
News of its anthelmintic efficacy and immune system benefits has been known among aquatic hobbyists for years. The problem however, is that there is not much in the way of definitive information on its use and application in the hobby.
Anecdotal accounts of how it has worked for those 'outside the box' aquarists who first braved its use with fish, and accounts of personal experience with Levamisole in individual aquariums are helpful, but the 'your mileage may vary' factor is immense.
Word about its usefulness in treating internal parasites in the ornamental fish trade has spread, but information regarding its use is limited and sometimes conflicting.
From the information I have found thus far, Levamisole HCL is safe to use in aquaria and effective against many internal parasites, especially nematodes, when used in appropriate dosages. It does not harm the bio-filter, plants, invertebrates or uninfected fish.
As an added benefit, it boosts the immune competence of fish, humans, large animals, birds and some reptiles.
This article hopes to pull together what scientific information is available, a bunch of individual accounts, apply some common sense, and put together in one place a helpful guide to the use of Levamisole for treating aquarium fish.
Levamisole Hydrochloride Chemical Composition
Molecular Formula: C11H12N2S HCl
Molecular Weight: 240.75062
Mass of C11H12N2S: 204.28968
Mass of HCl: 36.46094
Specific gravity: .69724
Levamisole Hydrochloride is the LEVO-rotatory form (left-handed) of tetramisol. The DEXTRO isomer (right-handed) contributes to the toxicity, but not the therapeutic effect so it has been removed in marketed preparations.
Levamisole HCL is light sensitive. Store product in tightly closed light resistant containers. Leave off tank lights when treating.
There is also a phosphate form of Levamisole.
Applications:
Levamisole Hydrochloride, is an anthelmintic agent commonly used in large livestock such as cattle, pigs and sheep. In 1971 it was found to have immunostimulatory properties and investigation into its use in humans began to expand. Currently, Levamisole HCL is used in humans for diseases related to imbalances in the regulation of immune responses or deficiencies of the immune system, including autoimmune diseases, chronic and recurrent diseases, chronic infections and cancer. It has beneficial effects on host defense mechanisms and restores depressed immune responses in animals and humans. Another interesting use of levamisole in humans is as a treatment for common warts.
How does Levamisole HCL work
How does Levamisole HCL work as an antiparasitic agent
Levamisole HCL is absorbed through the gut, can also be absorbed through the skin and is distributed throughout the body.
Levamisole affects the neurotransmitters and paralyzes the worm (spastic paralysis). The fish then passes the inactive worms. Good gravel vacuuming is advised after treatment to remove the paralyzed (but still live) worms.
It is not ovicidal, which means it will not affect eggs already present, but it will affect the larval stage of the worm. To ensure complete eradication of the parasite treat again after remaining eggs have hatched.
How does Levamisole HCL work as an immunomodulator
The mechanism of action for its immunostimulating effects are not well understood. It is believed that it restores cell-mediated immune function in peripheral T-lymphocytes and stimulates phagocytosis by monocytes.
The drug appears to restore depressed immune function rather than to stimulate
response to above-normal levels. There are multitudes of medical studies being done with its use in humans and animals, the goal being to attain understanding of its immunomodulating mechanism. The mechanism will be defined, with time.
However, at the time of the writing of this article, there is no complete answer to this question. For us, it is enough to know that it does stimulate immune function in fish that are suffering due to parasites or
disease.
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Levamisole, marketed under the trade name Ergamisol, is a medication used to treat parasitic worm infections.It has also been studied as a method to stimulate the immune system as part of the treatment of cancer.Levamisole remains in veterinary use as a dewormer for livestock.
Levamisole Hydrochloride (Levamisole HCL), is an anthelmintic (anti-worm) agent commonly used in large livestock such as cattle, pigs and sheep. Currently, Levamisole HCL is used in humans for diseases related to imbalances in the regulation of immune responses or deficiencies of the immune system, including autoimmune diseases, chronic and recurrent diseases, chronic infections and cancer. It has beneficial effects on host defense mechanisms and restores depressed immune responses in animals and humans. Another interesting use of levamisole in humans is as a treatment for common warts (verruca vulgaris).
News of its anthelmintic efficacy and immune system benefits has been known among aquatic hobbyists for years. The problem however, is that there is not much in the way of definitive information on its use and application in the hobby. Anecdotal accounts of how it has worked for those 'outside the box' aquarists who first braved its use with fish, and accounts of personal experience with Levamisole in individual aquariums are helpful, but the 'your mileage may vary' factor is immense. Word about its usefulness in treating internal parasites in the ornamental fish trade has spread, but information regarding its use is limited and sometimes conflicting. From the information I have found thus far, Levamisole HCL is safe to use in aquaria and effective against many internal parasites, especially nematodes, when used in appropriate dosages. It does not harm the bio-filter, plants, invertebrates or uninfected fish. As an added benefit, it boosts the immune competence of fish, humans, large animals, birds and some reptiles.
Pharmacodynamic
Properties Levamisole refers to Levo tetramisole, it is the Levo Isomer of tetramisole. It can selectively inhibit succinate dehydrogenase in parasite's muscle so as to stop the reduction of succinic acid from fumaric acid. Therefore the parasite's muscle metabolism lacks of oxygen and leads to decreasing of energy.
L-isomer is active against helminthes with 1-2 times higher active efficiency and lower toxic and side effects than tetramisole. It is a broad spectrum anthelmintic with a very good activity against roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, and strongyloises stercoralis. It is an immunomodulator and has effect on rheumatic disorders.
Levamisole is also a good alternative in cases of benzimidazole resistance.
Side Effect
The most serious side effect of levamisole is low white blood cells that leaves person vulnerable to infection. It belongs to the class of synthetic imidazothiazole derivatives.